Hypoalbuminemia in COVID-19: Molecular and Mechanistic Approach
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Hypoalbuminemia is a clinical feature of COVID-19 which is caused by a multitude of processes in COVID-19, including acute liver damage (ALI), oxidative burst, viral-albumin binding, dysregulated immunological responses, and viral genome interference in the host cell, all of which lead to organ failure and patient mortality. We used a mechanistic approach to discuss a number of potential molecular mechanisms that cause hypoalbuminemia, as well as some effective treatment methods. As this study employs molecular approaches to characterize hypoalbuminemia, this work is promising in molecular medicine and drug development.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Aloisio, E., Chibireva, M., Serafini, L., Pasqualetti, S., Falvella, F. S., Dolci, A., & Panteghini, M. (2020). A Comprehensive Appraisal of Laboratory Biochemistry Tests as Major Predictors of COVID-19 Severity. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 144(12), 1457–1464. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0389-SA DOI: https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0389-SA
Amaan, H. N., Khawar, M. B., Abbasi, M. H., & Sheikh, N. (2020). Risk assessment in Pakistani health workers during COVID-19 pandemic. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(2), 126-128. https://doi.org/10.37962/jpps.v8i2.422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37962/jpps.v8i2.422
Bastug, A., Bodur, H., Erdogan, S., Gokcinar, D., Kazancioglu, S., Kosovali, B. D., Ozbay, B. O., Gok, G., Turan, I. O., Yilmaz, G., Gonen, C. C., & Yilmaz, F. M. (2020). Clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19: Predictors of severe prognosis. International Immunopharmacology, 88, 106950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106950
Bi, X., Su, Z., Yan, H., Du, J., Wang, J., Chen, L., Peng, M., Chen, S., Shen, B., & Li, J. (2020). Prediction of severe illness due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of initial Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio and Platelet count. Platelets, 31(5), 674–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2020.1760230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2020.1760230
Bonetti, G., Manelli, F., Patroni, A., Bettinardi, A., Borrelli, G., Fiordalisi, G., Marino, A., Menolfi, A., Saggini, S., Volpi, R., Anesi, A., & Lippi, G. (2020). Laboratory predictors of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the area of Valcamonica, Italy. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory medicine, 58(7), 1100–1105. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0459
Cao, Z., Li, T., Liang, L., Wang, H., Wei, F., Meng, S., Cai, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Zhang, J., & Jin, R. (2020). Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients in Beijing, China. PloS One, 15(6), e0234764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234764
Chen, Z., McCrosky, S., Guo, W., Li, H., & Gerton, J. L. (2012). A genetic screen to discover pathways affecting cohesin function in Schizosaccharomyces pombe identifies chromatin effectors. G3 (Bethesda, Md.), 2(10), 1161–1168.
https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.112.003327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.112.003327
Cheng, B., Hu, J., Zuo, X., Chen, J., Li, X., Chen, Y., Yang, G., Shi, X., & Deng, A. (2020). Predictors of progression from moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(10), 1400–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.033
Cheng, L., Yang, J. Z., Bai, W. H., Li, Z. Y., Sun, L. F., Yan, J. J., Zhou, C. L., & Tang, B. P. (2020). Prognostic value of serum amyloid A in patients with COVID-19. Infection, 48(5), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01468-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01468-7
Chow, R., Chiu, N., Bruera, E., Krishnan, M., Chiu, L., Lam, H., DeAngelis, C., Pulenzas, N., Vuong, S., & Chow, E. (2016). Inter-rater reliability in performance status assessment among health care professionals: a systematic review. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 5(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm.2016.03.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/apm.2016.03.02
Cieślik-Guerra, U. I., Fila, M., Kamiński, M., Kotas, R., Wróblewski, J., Trzos, E., Uznańska-Loch, B., Rechciński, T., Wierzbowska-Drabik, K., Kasprzak, J. D., & Kurpesa, M. (2014). Correlation between the activity of the autonomic nervous system and endothelial function in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej, 124(10), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.2456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.2456
Cui, J., Li, F., & Shi, Z. L. (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 17(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
de la Rica, R., Borges, M., Aranda, M., Del Castillo, A., Socias, A., Payeras, A., Rialp, G., Socias, L., Masmiquel, L., & Gonzalez-Freire, M. (2020). Low Albumin Levels Are Associated with Poorer Outcomes in a Case Series of COVID-19 Patients in Spain: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Microorganisms, 8(8), 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081106
Deng, M., Qi, Y., Deng, L., Wang, H., Xu, Y., Li, Z., Meng, Z., Tang, J., & Dai, Z. (2020). Obesity as a Potential Predictor of Disease Severity in Young COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 28(10), 1815–1825. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22943
Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics, 145(6), e20200702. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
Evans T. W. (2002). Review article: albumin as a drug--biological effects of albumin unrelated to oncotic pressure. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 16 Suppl 5, 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s5.2.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s5.2.x
Farooq, A., Abbasi, M. H., Khawar, M. B., & Sheikh, N. (2022). A Recent Update on the Role of Nutraceuticals in COVID-19 Infection. Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), ID41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v8i2.512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v8i2.512
Feng, X., Li, P., Ma, L., Liang, H., Lei, J., Li, W., Wang, K., Song, Y., Li, S., Yang, W., & Yang, C. (2020). Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes of Severe Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00491
Gan, J., Li, J., Li, S., & Yang, C. (2020). Leucocyte Subsets Effectively Predict the Clinical Outcome of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00299
Gao, S., Jiang, F., Jin, W., Shi, Y., Yang, L., Xia, Y., Jia, L., Wang, B., Lin, H., Cai, Y., Xia, Z., & Peng, J. (2020). Risk factors influencing the prognosis of elderly patients infected with COVID-19: a clinical retrospective study in Wuhan, China. Aging, 12(13), 12504–12516. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103631
Gatta, A., Verardo, A., & Bolognesi, M. (2012). Hypoalbuminemia. Internal and Eemergency Medicine, 7 Suppl 3, S193–S199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-012-0802-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-012-0802-0
Ghweil, A. A., Hassan, M. H., Khodeary, A., Mohamed, A. O., Mohammed, H. M., Abdelazez, A. A., Osman, H. A., & Bazeed, S. E. S. (2020). Characteristics, Outcomes and Indicators of Severity for COVID-19 Among Sample of ESNA Quarantine Hospital's Patients, Egypt: A Retrospective Study. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 2375–2383. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S263489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S263489
Gong, J., Ou, J., Qiu, X., Jie, Y., Chen, Y., Yuan, L., Cao, J., Tan, M., Xu, W., Zheng, F., Shi, Y., & Hu, B. (2020). A Tool for Early Prediction of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Multicenter Study Using the Risk Nomogram in Wuhan and Guangdong, China. Clinical infectious diseases, 71(15), 833–840. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa443
Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B., Li, L. J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K. Y., Chen, R. C., Tang, C. L., Wang, T., Chen, P. Y., Xiang, J., Li, S. Y., … China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Guo, J., Zhou, B., Zhu, M., Yuan, Y., Wang, Q., Zhou, H., Wang, X., Lv, T., Li, S., Liu, P., Yang, Y., He, P., & Zhang, P. (2020). CURB-65 may serve as a useful prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients within Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiology and Infection, 148, e241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002368
Hamming, I., Timens, W., Bulthuis, M. L., Lely, A. T., Navis, G., & van Goor, H. (2004). Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology, 203(2), 631–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1570
He, B., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Huang, J., Tian, Y., Yang, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., Gu, L., Zhou, X., & Zhou, J. (2020). The Metabolic Changes and Immune Profiles in Patients With COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 2075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02075
He, X. M., & Carter, D. C. (1992). Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature, 358(6383), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/358209a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/358209a0
Hirashima, T., Arai, T., Kitajima, H., Tamura, Y., Yamada, T., Hashimoto, S., Morishita, H., Minamoto, S., Kawashima, K., Kashiwa, Y., Kameda, M., Takeshita, T., Suzuki, H., Matsuoka, H., Yamaguchi, S., Tanaka, T., & Nagai, T. (2021). Factors significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in symptomatic patients: A retrospective single-center study. Journal of infection and chemotherapy, 27(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2020.09.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2020.09.022
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N. H., Nitsche, A., Müller, M. A., Drosten, C., & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 181(2), 271–280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Hong, K. H., Lee, S. W., Kim, T. S., Huh, H. J., Lee, J., Kim, S. Y., Park, J. S., Kim, G. J., Sung, H., Roh, K. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, H. S., Lee, S. T., Seong, M. W., Ryoo, N., Lee, H., Kwon, K. C., & Yoo, C. K. (2020). Guidelines for Laboratory Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea. Annals of Laboratory Medicine, 40(5), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.351
Hou, W., Zhang, W., Jin, R., Liang, L., Xu, B., & Hu, Z. (2020). Risk factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Infectious diseases, 52(7), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2020.1759817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2020.1759817
Hu, H., Du, H., Li, J., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Zhao, Y., Kang, W., & Lian, J. (2020). Early prediction and identification for severe patients during the pandemic of COVID-19: A severe COVID-19 risk model constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 020510. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020510
Hu, J., Zhou, J., Dong, F., Tan, J., Wang, S., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Ming, J., & Huang, T. (2020). Combination of serum lactate dehydrogenase and sex is predictive of severe disease in patients with COVID-19. Medicine, 99(42), e22774. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022774
Hua, J., Qian, C., Luo, Z., Li, Q., & Wang, F. (2020). Invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patient management: the experience with 469 patients in Wuhan. Critical Care, 24(1), 348. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03044-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03044-9
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Huang, J., Cheng, A., Kumar, R., Fang, Y., Chen, G., Zhu, Y., & Lin, S. (2020). Hypoalbuminemia predicts the outcome of COVID-19 independent of age and co-morbidity. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(10), 2152–2158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26003
Huang, W., Li, C., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Zhou, N., Jiang, J., Ni, L., Zhang, X. A., & Wang, D. W. (2020). Decreased serum albumin level indicates poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients: hepatic injury analysis from 2,623 hospitalized cases. Science China. Life Sciences, 63(11), 1678–1687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4
Hundt, M. A., Deng, Y., Ciarleglio, M. M., Nathanson, M. H., & Lim, J. K. (2020). Abnormal Liver Tests in COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study of 1,827 Patients in a Major U.S. Hospital Network. Hepatology, 72(4), 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31487
Inoue, M., Nakashima, R., Enomoto, M., Koike, Y., Zhao, X., Yip, K., Huang, S. H., Waldron, J. N., Ikura, M., Liu, F. F., & Bratman, S. V. (2018). Plasma redox imbalance caused by albumin oxidation promotes lung-predominant NETosis and pulmonary cancer metastasis. Nature Communications, 9(1), 5116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07550-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07550-x
Johnson, A. S., Fatemi, R., & Winlow, W. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Bound Human Serum Albumin and Systemic Septic Shock. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00153
Khawar, M. B., Abbasi, M. H., Hussain, S., Riaz, M., Rafiq, M., Mehmood, R., Sheikh, N., Amaan, H. N., Fatima, S., Jabeen, F., Ahmad, Z., & Farooq, A. (2021). Psychological impacts of COVID-19 and satisfaction from online classes: disturbance in daily routine and prevalence of depression, stress, and anxiety among students of Pakistan. Heliyon, 7(5), e07030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07030
Khawar, M. B., Abbasi, M. H., Sheikh, N., Riaz, M., Rafiq, M., Farooq, A., Ahmad, Z., Fatima, S., & Amaan, H. N. (2022). Second Wave Scenario of COVID-19 in Pakistan and Combating Strategies. Albus Scientia, 2022(1), e220430. https://doi.org/10.56512/AS.2022.1.e220430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56512/AS.2022.1.e220430
King T. P. (1961). On the sulfhydryl group of human plasma albumin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 236, PC5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64411-4
Kouhpayeh, S.; Shariati, L.; Boshtam, M.; Rahimmanesh, I.; Mirian, M.; Zeinalian, M.; Salari-jazi, A.; Khanahmad, N.; Damavandi, M.S.; Sadeghi, P.; Khanahmad, H. The Molecular Story of COVID-19; NAD+ Depletion Addresses All Questions in this Infection. Preprints.org 2020, 2020030346. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0346.v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0346.v1
Kumar, D., Malviya, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2020). Corona virus: a review of COVID-19. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, 4(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.51418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.51418
Lau, S. K., Woo, P. C., Li, K. S., Huang, Y., Tsoi, H. W., Wong, B. H., Wong, S. S., Leung, S. Y., Chan, K. H., & Yuen, K. Y. (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(39), 14040–14045. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506735102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506735102
Lei, P., Zhang, L., Han, P., Zheng, C., Tong, Q., Shang, H., Yang, F., Hu, Y., Li, X., & Song, Y. (2020). Liver injury in patients with COVID-19: clinical profiles, CT findings, the correlation of the severity with liver injury. Hepatology International, 14(5), 733–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10087-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-020-10087-1
Li, C. X., Shen, C. B., Xue, K., Shen, X., Jing, Y., Wang, Z. Y., Xu, F., Meng, R. S., Yu, J. B., & Cui, Y. (2019). Artificial intelligence in dermatology: past, present, and future. Chinese Medical Journal, 132(17), 2017–2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000372
Li, D., Liu, C., Liu, J., Hu, J., Yang, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Analysis of risk factors for 24 patients with COVID-19 developing from moderate to severe condition. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, 548582. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.548582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.548582
Li, G., Zhou, C. L., Ba, Y. M., Wang, Y. M., Song, B., Cheng, X. B., Dong, Q. F., Wang, L. L., & You, S. S. (2021). Nutritional risk and therapy for severe and critical COVID-19 patients: A multicenter retrospective observational study. Clinical Nutrition, 40(4), 2154–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.040
Li, T., Zhang, Y., Gong, C., Wang, J., Liu, B., Shi, L., & Duan, J. (2020). Prevalence of malnutrition and analysis of related factors in elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. European journal of clinical nutrition, 74(6), 871–875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0642-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0642-3
Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C., Choe, H., & Farzan, M. (2003). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature, 426(6965), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145
Lian, J., Jin, C., Hao, S., Zhang, X., Yang, M., Jin, X., Lu, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, S., Zheng, L., Jia, H., Cai, H., Zhang, Y., Yu, G., Wang, X., Gu, J., Ye, C., Yu, X., Gao, J., Yang, Y., … Sheng, J. (2020). High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio associated with progression to critical illness in older patients with COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study. Aging, 12(14), 13849–13859. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103582
Liang, W., Liang, H., Ou, L., Chen, B., Chen, A., Li, C., Li, Y., Guan, W., Sang, L., Lu, J., Xu, Y., Chen, G., Guo, H., Guo, J., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Zhang, N., Zhong, N., He, J., … China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19 (2020). Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(8), 1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2033
Liu, C., Jiang, Z. C., Shao, C. X., Zhang, H. G., Yue, H. M., Chen, Z. H., Ma, B. Y., Liu, W. Y., Huang, H. H., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, H. Y., Xu, D., Wang, J. T., Yang, J. Y., Pan, H. Q., Zou, S. Q., Li, F. J., Lei, J. Q., Li, X., … Qi, X. L. (2020). [Preliminary study of the relationship between novel coronavirus pneumonia and liver function damage: a multicenter study]. Chinese Journal of Hepatology, 28(2), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2020.02.003
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Xiang, P., Pu, L., Xiong, H., Li, C., Zhang, M., Tan, J., Xu, Y., Song, R., Song, M., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Han, B., Yang, L., Wang, X., Zhou, G., Zhang, T., Li, B., Wang, Y., … Wang, X. (2020). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02374-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02374-0
Liu, M., He, P., Liu, H. G., Wang, X. J., Li, F. J., Chen, S., Lin, J., Chen, P., Liu, J. H., & Li, C. H. (2020). [Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 43(3), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.014
Liu, Q., Song, N. C., Zheng, Z. K., Li, J. S., & Li, S. K. (2020). Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Epidemiology and Infection, 148, e129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001442
Liu, S., Luo, H., Wang, Y., Cuevas, L. E., Wang, D., Ju, S., & Yang, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients with severe COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 584. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05314-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05314-x
Liu, W., Tao, Z. W., Wang, L., Yuan, M. L., Liu, K., Zhou, L., Wei, S., Deng, Y., Liu, J., Liu, H. G., Yang, M., & Hu, Y. (2020). Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9), 1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000775
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, F., Wang, F., Yuan, J., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, J., Feng, C., Zhang, Z., Wang, L., Peng, L., Chen, L., Qin, Y., Zhao, D., Tan, S., Yin, L., Xu, J., Zhou, C., … Liu, L. (2020). Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Science China. Life Sciences, 63(3), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8
Ma, X., Li, A., Jiao, M., Shi, Q., An, X., Feng, Y., Xing, L., Liang, H., Chen, J., Li, H., Li, J., Ren, Z., Sun, R., Cui, G., Zhou, Y., Cheng, M., Jiao, P., Wang, Y., Xing, J., Shen, S., … Yu, Z. (2020). Characteristic of 523 COVID-19 in Henan province and a death prediction model. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00475
Loganathan, S., Kuppusamy, M., Wankhar, W., Gurugubelli, K. R., Mahadevappa, V. H., Lepcha, L., & Choudhary, A. K. (2021). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): COVID 19 gate way to multiple organ failure syndromes. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 283, 103548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2020.103548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2020.103548
Mardani, R., Ahmadi Vasmehjani, A., Zali, F., Gholami, A., Mousavi Nasab, S. D., Kaghazian, H., Kaviani, M., & Ahmadi, N. (2020). Laboratory Parameters in Detection of COVID-19 Patients with Positive RT-PCR; a Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 8(1), e43.
Mo, P., Xing, Y., Xiao, Y., Deng, L., Zhao, Q., Wang, H., Xiong, Y., Cheng, Z., Gao, S., Liang, K., Luo, M., Chen, T., Song, S., Ma, Z., Chen, X., Zheng, R., Cao, Q., Wang, F., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Refractory Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(11), e4208–e4213. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270
Moman, R. N., Gupta, N., & Varacallo, M. (2017). Physiology, Albumin. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Mori, S., Ai, T., & Otomo, Y. (2020). Characteristics, laboratories, and prognosis of severe COVID-19 in the Tokyo metropolitan area: A retrospective case series. PloS One, 15(9), e0239644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239644 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239644
Paliogiannis, P., Mangoni, A. A., Cangemi, M., Fois, A. G., Carru, C., & Zinellu, A. (2021). Serum albumin concentrations are associated with disease severity and outcomes in coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 21(3), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-021-00686-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-021-00686-z
Pan, F., Yang, L., Li, Y., Liang, B., Li, L., Ye, T., Li, L., Liu, D., Gui, S., Hu, Y., & Zheng, C. (2020). Factors associated with death outcome in patients with severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): a case-control study. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 17(9), 1281–1292. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.46614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.46614
Qian, Z., Travanty, E. A., Oko, L., Edeen, K., Berglund, A., Wang, J., Ito, Y., Holmes, K. V., & Mason, R. J. (2013). Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 48(6), 742–748. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0339OC DOI: https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0339OC
Rahmani-Kukia, N., Abbasi, A., Pakravan, N., & Hassan, Z. M. (2020). Measurement of oxidized albumin: An opportunity for diagnoses or treatment of COVID-19. Bioorganic Chemistry, 105, 104429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104429
Recinella, G., Marasco, G., Serafini, G., Maestri, L., Bianchi, G., Forti, P., & Zoli, M. (2020). Prognostic role of nutritional status in elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a monocentric study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(12), 2695–2701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01727-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01727-5
Romanelli, R. G., La Villa, G., Barletta, G., Vizzutti, F., Lanini, F., Arena, U., Boddi, V., Tarquini, R., Pantaleo, P., Gentilini, P., & Laffi, G. (2006). Long-term albumin infusion improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: an unblinded randomized trial. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12(9), 1403–1407. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i9.1403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i9.1403
Rothschild, M. A., Oratz, M., & SCHREIBER, S. S. (1977). Albumin Synthesis. Albumin: Structure, Function Uses, 227-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-019603-9.50017-X
Sheam, M. M., Syed, S., Barman, S., Hasan, M. R., Paul, D., & Islam, R. (2020). COVID-19: the catastrophe of our time. Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics. 3(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2020.d150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2020.d150
Shi, H., Han, X., Jiang, N., Cao, Y., Alwalid, O., Gu, J., Fan, Y., & Zheng, C. (2020). Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 20(4), 425–434.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4
Singhal T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(4), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Sitges-Serra, A. (2001). Introduction to the Symposium. Clinical Nutrition, 3(20), 263-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1054/clnu.2001.0437
Soeters, P. B., Wolfe, R. R., & Shenkin, A. (2019). Hypoalbuminemia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 43(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1451
Sohail, A.M., Khawar, M.B., Afzal A., Idnan, M., Arshad, S., Habiba, U., Hamid, S.E., Shahzaman S., Shahid N., Ashraf M.A., & Ramzan, M. (2023). Vitamin D: A ray of hope in combating COVID-19. Albus Scientia, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.56512/AS.2023.1.e230318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56512/AS.2023.1.e230318
Spinella, R., Sawhney, R., & Jalan, R. (2016). Albumin in chronic liver disease: structure, functions and therapeutic implications. Hepatology International, 10(1), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-015-9665-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-015-9665-6
Tabibzadeh, A., Esghaei, M., Soltani, S., Yousefi, P., Taherizadeh, M., Safarnezhad Tameshkel, F., Golahdooz, M., Panahi, M., Ajdarkosh, H., Zamani, F., & Karbalaie Niya, M. H. (2021). Evolutionary study of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as an emerging coronavirus: Phylogenetic analysis and literature review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 7(2), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.394 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.394
Tang, X., Wu, C., Li, X., Song, Y., Yao, X., Wu, X., Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Qian, Z., Cui, J., & Lu, J. (2020). On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. National Science Review, 7(6), 1012–1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
Tarao, K., & Iwamura, K. (1983). Influence of long-term administration of serum albumin on the prognosis of liver cirrhosis in man. The Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 71–78.
Toutkaboni, M. P., Askari, E., Khalili, N., Tabarsi, P., Jamaati, H., Velayati, A. A., Dorudinia, A., Rezaei, M., Nadji, S. A., Mohamadnia, A., & Khalili, N. (2020). Demographics, laboratory parameters and outcomes of 1061 patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a report from Tehran, Iran. New Microbes and New Infections, 38, 100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100777
Tsibouris, P., Ekmektzoglou, K., Agorogianni, A., Kalantzis, C., Theofanopoulou, A., Toumbelis, K., Petrogiannopoulos, L., Poutakidis, C., Goggaki, S., Braimakis, I., Vlachou, E., Pouliakis, A., & Apostolopoulos, P. (2020). Gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study from a Greek COVID-19 referral hospital. Annals of Gastroenterology, 33(5), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2020.0514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2020.0514
Varim, C., Yaylaci, S., Demirci, T., Kaya, T., Nalbant, A., Dheir, H., Senocak, D., Kurt, R., Cengiz, H., & Karacaer, C. (2020). Neutrophil count to albumin ratio as a new predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 66Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.S2.77 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.s2.77
Velarde-Ruiz Velasco, J. A., García-Jiménez, E. S., & Remes-Troche, J. M. (2020). Hepatic manifestations and impact of COVID-19 on the cirrhotic patient. Manifestaciones hepáticas y repercusión en el paciente cirrótico de COVID-19. Revista de Gastroenterologia de Mexico (English), 85(3), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2020.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2020.05.002
Viana-Llamas, M. C., Arroyo-Espliguero, R., Silva-Obregón, J. A., Uribe-Heredia, G., Núñez-Gil, I., García-Magallón, B., Torán-Martínez, C. G., Castillo-Sandoval, A., Díaz-Caraballo, E., Rodríguez-Guinea, I., & Domínguez-López, J. (2021). Hypoalbuminemia on admission in COVID-19 infection: An early predictor of mortality and adverse events. A retrospective observational study. Medicina Clinica, 156(9), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.12.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.12.018
Violi, F., Cangemi, R., Romiti, G. F., Ceccarelli, G., Oliva, A., Alessandri, F., Pirro, M., Pignatelli, P., Lichtner, M., Carraro, A., Cipollone, F., D'ardes, D., Pugliese, F., & Mastroianni, C. M. (2021). Is Albumin Predictor of Mortality in COVID-19? Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 35(2), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8142
Wan, S., Xiang, Y., Fang, W., Zheng, Y., Li, B., Hu, Y., Lang, C., Huang, D., Sun, Q., Xiong, Y., Huang, X., Lv, J., Luo, Y., Shen, L., Yang, H., Huang, G., & Yang, R. (2020). Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(7), 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25783
Wang, D., Li, R., Wang, J., Jiang, Q., Gao, C., Yang, J., Ge, L., & Hu, Q. (2020). Correlation analysis between disease severity and clinical and biochemical characteristics of 143 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 519. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05242-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05242-w
Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Liu, L. G., Wang, Y. B., Zhang, T., Li, M. H., Xu, Y. L., Gao, G. J., Xiong, H. F., Fan, Y., Cao, Y., Ding, R., Wang, J. J., Cheng, C., & Xie, W. (2020). Pattern of liver injury in adult patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of 105 patients. Military Medical Research, 7(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00256-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-20849/v2
Wang, Y., Liao, B., Guo, Y., Li, F., Lei, C., Zhang, F., Cai, W., Hong, W., Zeng, Y., Qiu, S., Wang, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Li, J., Xiao, G., Guo, F., Lai, X., Liang, Z., Wen, X., Li, P., … Guan, Y. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of patients infected with the novel 2019 coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Guangzhou, China. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 7(6), 187. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa187
Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., … Song, Y. (2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(7), 934–943.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
Xu, L., Liu, J., Lu, M., Yang, D., & Zheng, X. (2020). Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections. Liver international, 40(5), 998–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14435
Xue, G., Gan, X., Wu, Z., Xie, D., Xiong, Y., Hua, L., Zhou, B., Zhou, N., Xiang, J., & Li, J. (2020). Novel serological biomarkers for inflammation in predicting disease severity in patients with COVID-19. International Immunopharmacology, 89, 107065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107065
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J., Liu, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Fang, M., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Zou, X., Yuan, S., & Shang, Y. (2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 8(5), 475–481.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Yu, C., Lei, Q., Li, W., Wang, X., Li, W., & Liu, W. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 1663 hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-center experience. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(9), 1202–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.002
Yuki, K., Fujiogi, M., & Koutsogiannaki, S. (2020). COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical immunology, 215, 108427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427
Zeng, Z., Ma, Y., Zeng, H., Huang, P., Liu, W., Jiang, M., Xiang, X., Deng, D., Liao, X., Chen, P., & Chen, Y. (2021). Simple nomogram based on initial laboratory data for predicting the probability of ICU transfer of COVID-19 patients: Multicenter retrospective study. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(1), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26244
Zhang, C., Qin, L., Li, K., Wang, Q., Zhao, Y., Xu, B., Liang, L., Dai, Y., Feng, Y., Sun, J., Li, X., Hu, Z., Xiang, H., Dong, T., Jin, R., & Zhang, Y. (2020). A Novel Scoring System for Prediction of Disease Severity in COVID-19. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, 318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00318
Zhang, X., Cai, H., Hu, J., Lian, J., Gu, J., Zhang, S., Ye, C., Lu, Y., Jin, C., Yu, G., Jia, H., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Li, L., & Yang, Y. (2020). Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. International journal of infectious diseases, 94, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.040
Zhang, Y., Zheng, L., Liu, L., Zhao, M., Xiao, J., & Zhao, Q. (2020). Liver impairment in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis of 115 cases from a single centre in Wuhan city, China. Liver International, 40(9), 2095–2103. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14455
Zhou, C., Huang, Z., Tan, W., Li, X., Yin, W., Xiao, Y., Tao, Z., Geng, S., & Hu, Y. (2020). Predictive factors of severe coronavirus disease 2019 in previously healthy young adults: a single-center, retrospective study. Respiratory Research, 21(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01412-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01412-1
Zhou, F., Fan, G., Liu, Z., & Cao, B. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 shedding and infectivity - Authors' reply. Lancet, 395(10233), 1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30869-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30869-2
Zhou, J., Huang, L., Chen, J., Yuan, X., Shen, Q., Dong, S., Cheng, B., & Guo, T. M. (2020). Clinical features predicting mortality risk in older patients with COVID-19. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 36(11), 1753–1759. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1825365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1825365
Zinellu, A., Arru, F., De Vito, A., Sassu, A., Valdes, G., Scano, V., Zinellu, E., Perra, R., Madeddu, G., Carru, C., Pirina, P., Mangoni, A. A., Babudieri, S., & Fois, A. G. (2021). The De Ritis ratio as prognostic biomarker of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 51(1), e13427. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13427