Psoriasis, An Overview of its Pathogenesis and Available Treatment Modalities
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and genetic disease that mainly involves skin with some complicated forms extending to other body systems. The disease is fairly common with genetic predisposition as one of the major etiology. It is known to occur as a result of immune system aberration involving helper T cells mainly and is thus treated on similar lines with most of the drugs belonging to immunomodulator class like steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, methotrexate and various others like retinoids. Disease pathology has a new area of research advancement focused on oxidative stress. It has been suggested that reactive oxygen species have a considerable role in the cascade of pathological features. The disease shows relapses and remissions seldom showing a remarkable or complete recovery. A therapy which can completely resolve the cosmetic and other important symptoms is still a food for research. The dimensions of research have also been inclined to nano particles as treatment options over past few years. In this review, our key objective is to highlight the complexity and clinical diversity of this multifaceted disorder, its pathogenesis and the potential of state of the art treatment options.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Alexis, A. F., & Blackcloud, P. (2014). Psoriasis in skin of color: epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment nuances. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 7(11), 16–24.
Ayala-Fontánez, N., Soler, D. C., & McCormick, T. S. (2016). Current knowledge on psoriasis and autoimmune diseases. Psoriasis, 6, 7–32. https://doi.org/10.2147/PTT.S64950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PTT.S64950
Barker J. N. (2001). Genetic aspects of psoriasis. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 26(4), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00830.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00830.x
Baz, K., Cimen, M. Y., Kokturk, A., Yazici, A. C., Eskandari, G., Ikizoglu, G., Api, H., & Atik, U. (2003). Oxidant / antioxidant status in patients with psoriasis. Yonsei medical journal, 44(6), 987–990. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2003.44.6.987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2003.44.6.987
Behnam, S. M., Behnam, S. E., & Koo, J. Y. (2005). Review of cyclosporine immunosuppressive safety data in dermatology patients after two decades of use. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 4(2), 189–194.
Bessar, H., Venditti, I., Benassi, L., Vaschieri, C., Azzoni, P., Pellacani, G., Magnoni, C., Botti, E., Casagrande, V., Federici, M., Costanzo, A., Fontana, L., Testa, G., Mostafa, F. F., Ibrahim, S. A., Russo, M. V., & Fratoddi, I. (2016). Functionalized gold nanoparticles for topical delivery of methotrexate for the possible treatment of psoriasis. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 141, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.021
Burden, A.D. and Kirby, B. (2016) Psoriasis and Related Disorders. In: Griffiths, C., Barker, J., Bleiker, T., Chalmers, R. and Creamer, D., Eds., Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi, 1-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118441213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118441213
Capon F. (2017). The Genetic Basis of Psoriasis. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122526
Chandran, V., & Raychaudhuri, S. P. (2010). Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Journal of autoimmunity, 34(3), J314–J321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.001
Chuang, S. Y., Lin, C. H., Sung, C. T., & Fang, J. Y. (2018). Murine models of psoriasis and their usefulness for drug discovery. Expert opinion on drug discovery, 13(6), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2018.1463214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2018.1463214
Danielsen, K., Olsen, A. O., Wilsgaard, T., & Furberg, A. S. (2013). Is the prevalence of psoriasis increasing? A 30-year follow-up of a population-based cohort. The British journal of dermatology, 168(6), 1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12230
Das, R. P., Jain, A. K., & Ramesh, V. (2009). Current concepts in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Indian journal of dermatology, 54(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.48977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.48977
Emre, S., Metin, A., Demirseren, D. D., Kilic, S., Isikoglu, S., & Erel, O. (2013). The relationship between oxidative stress, smoking and the clinical severity of psoriasis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 27(3), e370–e375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04700.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04700.x
Imafuku, S., Zheng, M., Tada, Y., Zhang, X., Theng, C., Thevarajah, S., Zhao, Y., & Song, H. J. (2018). Asian consensus on assessment and management of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis with topical therapy. The Journal of dermatology, 45(7), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14338
Kadam, D. P., Suryakar, A. N., Ankush, R. D., Kadam, C. Y., & Deshpande, K. H. (2010). Role of oxidative stress in various stages of psoriasis. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB, 25(4), 388–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0043-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0043-9
Kim, J. S., Kuk, E., Yu, K. N., Kim, J. H., Park, S. J., Lee, H. J., Kim, S. H., Park, Y. K., Park, Y. H., Hwang, C. Y., Kim, Y. K., Lee, Y. S., Jeong, D. H., & Cho, M. H. (2007). Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine, 3(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001
Lin, X., & Huang, T. (2016). Oxidative stress in psoriasis and potential therapeutic use of antioxidants. Free radical research, 50(6), 585–595. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2016.1162301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2016.1162301
Lowes, M. A., Suárez-Fariñas, M., & Krueger, J. G. (2014). Immunology of psoriasis. Annual review of immunology, 32, 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225
Michalek, I. M., Loring, B., & John, S. M. (2017). A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 31(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13854
Nickoloff, B. J., Schröder, J. M., von den Driesch, P., Raychaudhuri, S. P., Farber, E. M., Boehncke, W. H., Morhenn, V. B., Rosenberg, E. W., Schön, M. P., & Holick, M. F. (2000). Is psoriasis a T-cell disease?. Experimental dermatology, 9(5), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009005359.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009005359.x
Nijsten, T., Margolis, D. J., Feldman, S. R., Rolstad, T., & Stern, R. S. (2005). Traditional systemic treatments have not fully met the needs of psoriasis patients: results from a national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(3 Pt 1), 434–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.862
Panich, U., Sittithumcharee, G., Rathviboon, N., & Jirawatnotai, S. (2016). Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Epidermal Stem Cell Damage Mediated Skin Aging. Stem cells international, 2016, 7370642. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7370642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7370642
Parisi, R., Symmons, D. P., Griffiths, C. E., Ashcroft, D. M., & Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team (2013). Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 133(2), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.339
Paul, C., Gallini, A., Maza, A., Montaudié, H., Sbidian, E., Aractingi, S., Aubin, F., Bachelez, H., Cribier, B., Joly, P., Jullien, D., Le Maître, M., Misery, L., Richard, M. A., & Ortonne, J. P. (2011). Evidence-based recommendations on conventional systemic treatments in psoriasis: systematic review and expert opinion of a panel of dermatologists. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 25 Suppl 2, 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03990.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03990.x
Ritchlin, C. T., Colbert, R. A., & Gladman, D. D. (2017). Psoriatic Arthritis. The New England journal of medicine, 376(10), 957–970. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1505557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1505557
Schön, M. P., & Erpenbeck, L. (2018). The Interleukin-23/Interleukin-17 Axis Links Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Psoriasis. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01323
Sikar Aktürk, A., Özdoğan, H. K., Bayramgürler, D., Çekmen, M. B., Bilen, N., & Kıran, R. (2012). Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in plasma and tissue of psoriasis patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 26(7), 833–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04164.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04164.x
Sonawane, R., Harde, H., Katariya, M., Agrawal, S., & Jain, S. (2014). Solid lipid nanoparticles-loaded topical gel containing combination drugs: an approach to offset psoriasis. Expert opinion on drug delivery, 11(12), 1833–1847. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.938634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.938634
Syed, Z. U., & Khachemoune, A. (2011). Inverse psoriasis: case presentation and review. American journal of clinical dermatology, 12(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.2165/11532060-000000000-00000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11532060-000000000-00000
Szentkereszty-Kovács, Z., Gáspár, K., Szegedi, A., Kemény, L., Kovács, D., & Törőcsik, D. (2021). Alcohol in Psoriasis-From Bench to Bedside. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(9), 4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094987
Talamonti, M., Botti, E., Galluzzo, M., Teoli, M., Spallone, G., Bavetta, M., Chimenti, S., & Costanzo, A. (2013). Pharmacogenetics of psoriasis: HLA-Cw6 but not LCE3B/3C deletion nor TNFAIP3 polymorphism predisposes to clinical response to interleukin 12/23 blocker ustekinumab. The British journal of dermatology, 169(2), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12331
Tonel, G., Conrad, C., Laggner, U., Di Meglio, P., Grys, K., McClanahan, T. K., Blumenschein, W. M., Qin, J. Z., Xin, H., Oldham, E., Kastelein, R., Nickoloff, B. J., & Nestle, F. O. (2010). Cutting edge: A critical functional role for IL-23 in psoriasis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 185(10), 5688–5691. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1001538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1001538